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Evolutionary Configuration of Multiple Intelligences: A Tentative Hypothesis

by Dr. Yehia A. Ibrahim

Evolutionary Configuration of Multiple
Intelligences: A Tentative Hypothesis


By: Dr. Yehia A. Ibrahim, Ph.D.

Professor at Assiut University, Egypt &
Rational Emotive Behavior Thinker (REBT)
Email address: dr_yehia_ibrahim@hotmail.com

There are many theories and views of human intelligence; two of them have received considerable attention, i.e., (1) Alfred Binet's of math and language intelligence; and (2) Howard Gardner of multiple intelligences. Gardner's system now includes the following intelligence spheres: Verbal-Linguistic, Logical-Mathematical, Visual-Spatial, Musical-Rhythmic, Bodily-Kinesthetic, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal, and Naturalist. Other investigators have added Existential intelligence to Gardner's list. This article focuses on three aspects (1) a new definition of multiple intelligences, (2) a new list of multiple intelligences, extended to 15 spheres; and (3) a tentative theory of spatially configured intelligences within the three parts of Paul MacLean's brain model. Our new definition states that: "Human intelligence is a natural, adaptable, cognitive system of how people perceive, gather and process information, how they structure their learning and thinking, how they extract meaning and build knowledge from their experience, how they make decisions, and ultimately how they intelligently respond to events and run their life." I also introduce the reader to my tentative meta theory of multiple intelligences. My theory considers 15 intelligence spheres equally divided, at least partially, between the three brains of the triune model, i.e., the brain stem (reptilian brain), the limbic lobes (mammalian brain), and the cerebrum (neo-mammalian brain).

Evolutionary Configuration of Multiple
Intelligences: A Tentative Hypothesis

Dr. Yehia A. Ibrahim, Ph.D.

Professor at Assiut University, Egypt &
Rational Emotive Behavior Thinker (REBT)
Email address: dr_yehia_ibrahim@hotmail.com


Human-Intelligence spheres are not isolated islands in a mental-cognitive ocean. They are certainly identifiable and recognizable, yet structurally and functionally connected.
The author, 2005

Summary
There are many theories and views of human intelligence; two of them have received considerable attention, i.e., (1) Alfred Binet's of math and language intelligence; and (2) Howard Gardner of multiple intelligences. Gardner's system now includes the following intelligence spheres: Verbal-Linguistic, Logical-Mathematical, Visual-Spatial, Musical-Rhythmic, Bodily-Kinesthetic, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal, and Naturalist. Other investigators have added Existential intelligence to Gardner's list. This article focuses on three aspects (1) a new definition of multiple intelligences, (2) a new list of multiple intelligences, extended to 15 spheres; and (3) a tentative theory of spatially configured intelligences within the three parts of Paul MacLean's brain model. Our new definition states that: "Human intelligence is a natural, adaptable, cognitive system of how people perceive, gather and process information, how they structure their learning and thinking, how they extract meaning and build knowledge from their experience, how they make decisions, and ultimately how they intelligently respond to events and run their life." I also introduce the reader to my tentative meta theory of multiple intelligences. My theory considers 15 intelligence spheres equally divided, at least partially, between the three brains of the triune model, i.e., the brain stem (reptilian brain), the limbic lobes (mammalian brain), and the cerebrum (neo-mammalian brain).

Alfred Binet's View of Human Intelligence
Intelligence is often considered how well we score on tests or what our grades are in school. In the 1900's, French psychologist Alfred Binet tried to come up with some kind of measure that would predict the success or failure of children in the primary grades of schools. The result was the forerunner of the standard Intelligence Quotient (IQ) test that many people still use today. This gave us a dimension of mental ability by which we could compare or pigeonhole each other, and sometimes in a detrimental way. The standard IQ test is based, traditionally, on 'only' Math and English. All other areas that a person may excel at or have natural ability in are not taken into consideration. Although we are intelligent creatures, not everyone excels in math and language. Our diversity is far much greater than being limited to, or boxed in, a frame of only two modes or spheres of intelligences.

Why should we compare how smart people are or how successful they will be based on a test that measures only two aspects of who we really are? That is an intuitive question that has guided Dr. Howard Earl Gardner to formulate a new view of human intelligence. Thereafter the Multiple Intelligence Theory (MIT) was born and spread allover the world, supported first by many educational theorists and later by some psychologists.

Howard Gardner's view of Multiple Intelligences
It is in his work that Dr. Howard Gardner, a Harvard University psychologist, began to question the traditional view of intelligence. In the ‘70s and ‘80s he worked in two contexts studying the nature of human cognitive capacities. He had a pluralistic view of the mind, and recognized the many discrete facets of cognition. At the Boston University Aphasia Research Center, Gardner conducted studies to understand the pattern of abilities of stroke victims suffering from impaired language and other kinds of cognitive and emotional injury. At the same time, Gardner worked with ordinary and gifted children at Project Zero, in an attempt to understand the development of cognitive abilities. Based on observations, not thoroughly explained by the psychometric view of intelligence, Gardner has acknowledged that people have different cognitive strengths, as well as different cognitive styles. Gardner bases his view in part on findings from sciences that were not existent during Binet's time. He even gave intelligence a more applied meaning that exceeds the concept of testing for our math and language capabilities. Gardner defines intelligences as: The ability to solve problems or to fashion products that are valued in one or more cultural settings". This definition urges us to look at how people develop skills that are pertinent to their cultures, instead of looking for a correlation between tests.

It is in his view also, and we certainly agree, that intelligences work in combination, not in isolation; that is when we learn or enhance a specific sphere of intelligence, we may also enhance other spheres. For example, when someone learns to play piano, s/he is learning several skills. Will the training s/he received learning the piano skills enhance their mathematical skills, or vise versa? The intelligences are like talents and gifts in that there are many combinations possible. Intelligences can also be improved or strengthened. How readily the improvement occurs depends upon the biology of our brain, and the environment that has programmed the cognitive functions of this brain, and 'neurally' architect it to become a unique, probably 'meta-physical', mind.

The Author's New Perspective of Multiple Intelligences (MI)
Despite any limitations, we highly support Gardner's view of MI in our own way. For example, since our mind is an adaptive system, and since experiential learning engages the entire physiology of our body, it is impossible for us to rely on only mathematical and linguistic intelligences to achieve physical, physiological and psychological adaptation to our complex and ever changing environment. Another supportive example is that our search for meaning is innate, and meaning occurs through patterning. However, patterning does not only rely on math and language; it also relies on feelings. What we learn is influenced and organized by emotions and mind-set involving expectancy, personal biases, prejudices, self-concept, social need, social interaction, and personal, value-belief system. Emotions and thoughts literally shape each other, and cannot be separated. Since feelings color verbal and mathematical meaning, other emotionally-related or emotionally-based spheres of intelligence are as important as mathematical and linguistic intelligences.

I believe in intelligence as a quantum trait that can be affected both by heredity and the environment. We are all born with the physical and physiological engine or the hardware critically required for human life. Brain is one element of this engine which powerfully connects and circuits our cybernetic system. Despite the dispute of the brain-mind dualism, mind cannot be considered as innate as the brain, and it is more like software than hardware. By software, we mean the environmental conditioning or programming of the semantic and cognitive functions of our brain, and in this case we better call it mind. Our 'social mind' is shaped during the interaction of our 'immensely receptive brain' with the environment and interpersonal relationships. In my opinion, our brain connects our cybernetic system, while our adaptively social mind controls the output of this system. This brain/mind subject is rather complex, but they affect each other in a poorly understood manner. This problem will remain so long as the brain has a well-defined physical identity, while we still perceive the mind in a metaphysical identity.

I here claim that there is a metaphysical connection between brain processes (physical, electric and biochemical) and the mental functions (cognitive, meta-cognitive, semantic, meta-semantic and others) wherein our learning, thinking processes take place beyond any understanding of the physical and spatial identity of our mind. I do not want to confuse my readers, but is there a room here for thinking of the 'soul' as the connecting force? This question may be a reflection of one piece of my spiritual/existential intelligences. The unique transformation of brain processes into cognitive or mental functions and vice versa is likely to be related to environmental and cultural pre-conditioning. Even though people have the same brain engine, human mind is different from one person to another, for it is obviously programmed by different environmental factors, different interpersonal interactions, and different individual preferences. This view implies that we are intelligent and have our own intelligence signature; yet, we can consciously change the architecture of this signature both qualitatively and quantitatively. Self-awareness is a critical prerequisite for this change which allows us to achieve mental resilience and functional adaptation. I still think that the most important contribution of Howard Gardner is that he opened the window for us to see intelligence as multiple entities. This multiplicity enables our independent-will, and individual preference to freely choose the type of intelligence(s) that will be habitually learnt or built to fit, cope or adapt to our environment, thereby allowing each one of us to create a unique signature of multiple intelligences. I think that our intelligence signature is like our written signature; it may and can change with time and repeated practice, yet remains identifiable or recognizable.

Configuration of Multiple Intelligences within the Triune-Brain Model: A Tentative Hypothesis for the Evolution of Intelligence
I look into Gardner's hypothesis of multiple intelligences not as different intelligent factors but as different intelligent spheres, each can share the orbits with one another, to cope with the situation that needs to be handled, or the problem that needs to be solved. The orbits of those spheres are flexible and allow for an overlap-able interaction with one another. For example, when we write, it is obviously that we use verbal/linguistic intelligence to choose our words. The act of writing itself requires physical coordination in using a computer keyboard, or a pen, and this requires kinesthetic intelligence. We also use logical intelligence to keep order among our concepts, and to make sense of the written subject. We have to use our visual intelligence when we read and edit what we wrote. We can then reflect on our writing using our intrapersonal intelligence. When we share our ideas with others, we certainly use our interpersonal intelligence. We can then decide to put rhyme and rhythm into our writing and sing it to ourselves and others using part of our musical intelligence. Besides, we all have certain degree of naturalist and existential intelligences for we live and exist in nature, in the full sense of the word nature.

It is obvious that other creatures exhibit some degree of intelligence in order to survive in this world. We can not even exclude reptiles, claimed to have only the brain stem, from some cognitive functions. If we accept my hypothesis about the brain stem having more than just involuntary, physiological functions, we can then extend our knowledge of multiple intelligences and possibly configure multiple intelligence spheres into the whole-brain system.

It disturbs me that we cannot sometimes relate the published theories, models, styles, types and technologies that are based on the triune brain model, the hemispheric dominance theory, the David Kolb's experiential learning cycles and theory, the Ned Herrmann thinking and learning model and inventory (HBDI), the Kobus Neethling brain inventory (NBI), The NLP theory, the MBTI system, etc. As an INTJ, right-brain dominant, divergent-assimilator or reflectionist-theorist learner myself, I always try to smooth this rough relationship, but I will here add to its roughness. It is not paradoxical because I also believe that confusion is the road to creativity. In this regard, I like to separate bodily kinesthetic intelligence into two spheres, i.e. emotional feelings and physical coordination so that we can logically place them in the limbic and reptilian brains, respectively. I will here add some more intelligences and present them in a table wherein those multiple intelligences are tentatively distributed between the three brains; i.e., the brain stem or R-complex (reptilian brain), the limbic lobes (mammalian brain) and the cerebral cortex (neo-mammalian brain). I cannot believe that other animals are deprived the gift of intelligence one way or another. Who can argue against the observed instinctual intelligence of lower mammals and even reptiles, and the spatial intelligence of social insects like ants and bees? Is there also a time that we will discover an intelligence system(s) in other organisms, plants for example? I here try to include all the well-known brain parts in actualizing the overall sum and net outcome of our intelligence. I do not claim my theory to be exact or solid, but I here open the door for future research and thinking.

A spatial distribution of some intelligence spheres within different systems of the whole brain model.

The Reptilian Brain The Limbic Brain The Cerebral Brain
Bodily/Physical Emotional Verbal/Linguistic
Sexual Interpersonal Mathematical/Logical
Parental Social/Cultural Visual/Spatial
Musical/Rhythmic Ethical/Moral Intrapersonal
Naturalist Religious/Spiritual Existential

We can categorize those spheres further as to which one might belong, at least partially, to either the right or left hemispheres of the triune brain system.

A special note that deserves our attention here is that some of the intelligence-spheres are not well-developed in lower mammals, even though they have their relevant brain, e.g. the limbic lobes. For example, religious/spiritual intelligence requires other cerebral intelligences that are not equipped into lower mammals, therefore, the limbic system is in place but the synaptic connections for religious/spiritual intelligence are neither strengthened nor cognitively expressed.

This article is copyrighted and can only be used for academic causes with the proper acknowledgement of its citation.

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